Binge Eating Disorder ( Bed ) - 2041 Words

Binge Eating disorder (BED) is another wide specified eating disorder disease, it is a serious condition characterised by uncontrollable eating which leads to weight gain in people (Argas al., 1997). They are regular episodes of BED, and the most important symptoms you often find in patients is consuming a lot of food regardless of if they are hungry or not, they also tend to watch their weight by dieting, as well as vomiting or using laxatives. The absence of purging by vomiting or using laxatives as helper to control or lose weight are the main differences with the usual habits of patients affected by bulimia nervosa. Moreover, Binge Eating is characterized by some difficulties coping emotional problem such as; depression, anxiety, stress, low self-esteem and lack of confidence are all associated with the loss of control (Grilo, Masheb Salant, 2005). Most people who have never learned to deal with difficult situations or complex emotion find in food as a source of relief from emo tional distress. Binge eating gives a brief moment of satisfaction and compensation, but as soon as it disappears, the episodes revives back again and the patients starts to get the sense of guilt, sadness or the fear of losing self-control. The negative consequences of BED have long-term effects of, obesity and a lower self-esteem, which causes a vicious cycle: to eat in other or a better feeling, there again the cycle continues and then you start to feel worse and one keeps going back to findShow MoreRelatedBinge Eating Disorder ( Bed )1245 Words   |  5 PagesBinge eating disorder (BED) is an eating disorder that is characterized by recurrent binge eating, without the use of compensatory behaviors such as purging, as seen in those with bulimia (Striegel-Moore Franko, 2003). Anyone can over eat from time to time, it is excessive and out of control overeating that crosses the line towards BED. Those who binge eat are known to have a variety of health problems, both mentally an d physically. The chronic, recurrent bingeing associated with BED has beenRead MoreBinge Eating Disorder ( Bed )1453 Words   |  6 PagesBinge Eating Disorder Binge eating disorder (BED) is a psychiatric condition characterized by the consumption of large quantities of food in a specific amount of time, and feeling out of control while eating. BED also involves feelings of guilt and shame after binging but is not accompanied by compensatory behaviors, such as purging or vomiting. Binge eating is described by â€Å"eating at a fast pace, eating until feeling uncomfortably full, eating when not feeling hungry, eating alone to hide the amountRead MoreBinge Eating Disorder ( Bed )1948 Words   |  8 PagesBinge Eating disorder (BED) is another wised specified eating disorder disease, it is a serious condition characterised by uncontrollable eating, with the result of weight gain. Regular episode of binge eating are one of the most important symptoms, in fact, patient with BED usually consume a lot amount of food even if there are not hungry. Regular weight control methods or to be on diets are not typical behaviours, as well the purging by vomiting or using of laxatives. The absence of these symptomsRead MoreBinge Eating Disorder ( Bed )913 Words   |  4 PagesThe three nationally recognized eating disorders are identified as Bulimia Nervosa, Anorexia Nervosa, and Binge-Eating Disorder. Eating disorders, although stereotypically viewed as a lifestyle choice, is a serious and often fatal illness that not only cause severe eating disturbances, but adverse psychological and physiological environments for the individual (National Institute of Mental Health, 2006). These disorders typically develop in the mid-to-late teen years and often carry out into earlyRead MoreBinge Eating Disorder Essay examples939 Words   |  4 Pagesdictionary, binge eating is defined as uncontrolled compulsive eating, especially as a symptom of bulimia or binge eating disorder(BED). Individuals, who suffer from a (BED), usually, consume, abnormally large amounts of food, quickly. The condition causes sufferers to eat until they are painfully full. we live in a society that accepts encourages overindulging . Therefore, there are probably several occasions on which we eat more than we should. In order for a person to be diagnosed with a (BED), theyRead MoreCauses And Treatments Of Binge Eating Disorder922 Words   |  4 Pagessound fun to you? Life is difficult without having an eating disorder. Growing up eating everything I could get my hands on caused health problems for me now that I am older. Binge eating and anorexia are serious eating disorders that cause physical, behavioral, and psychological problems. The most common disorder is binge eating. Binge eating disorder (BED) is consuming large quantities of food in a short period of time. People find that over eating is a comfort zone for them. The problems AmericansRead MoreMindfulness : The Practice Of Mindfulness1556 Words   |  7 PagesKabat-Zinn, 1982). MBSR is an 8-week training in mindfulness meditation which consists of weekly 2.5-hour group classes and one day-long silence retreat. MBSR has been found to be effective in the management of stress, physical illnesses, and psychiatric disorders with a range of clinical and non-clinical populations (Grossman, Niemann, Schmidt, Walach, 2004; Cramer, Lauche, Paul, Dobos, 2012; Lauche, Cramer, Dobos, Langhorst, Schmidt, 2013). MBSR was later combined with elements of Cognitive-BehaviouralRead MoreClinical And Normative Sample Populations1686 Words   |  7 Pagesto escape from or down-regulate negative affect place individuals at risk for alcohol and substance abuse, disordered eating, and clinical eating disorders, resulting in a challenged physical and psychological well-being (see Aldao et al., 2010). There is evidence that suggest that in response to the control of negative affect (for example, depression, anxiety, and stress); eating behaviours are associated with both increase and decrease in food consumption (Fairburn Harrison, 2003). In particularRead MoreBinge Eating Disorder And Obesity1248 Words   |  5 PagesBinge eating disorder, also known as BED or compulsive overeating, is a serious disorder that is characterized by a recurrent, irresistible urge to overindulge or binge on food even when you are painfully full. We reveal how and why it becomes a problem, and what you can do about it. It is normal to overeat from time to time, but when it comes to binge eating, the urge is persistent and seemingly uncontrollable, and is usually accompanied by feelings of shame and guilt. Binge eating disorder, justRead MoreTypes and Treatments of Eating Disorders Essay907 Words   |  4 PagesWhen people hear the word eating disorder they tend to think of a young middle class white girl. It’s quite rare to hear about older men and women struggling with eating disorders even though it’s fairly common. Unfortunately, eating disorders do not discriminate against race, age, gender, class, or sexual orientation. The only thing that differs is their overall experience and how health professionals chose to treat them. There are three major eating disorders that some people suffer with on a daily

Corporal Punishment And Its Usage - 986 Words

Introduction The topic of whether or not parents and teachers should use corporal punishment in the name of discipline had caught my eye for several reasons. One of the most important reasons is that I was beaten by a wooden paddle while I was growing up. I was about 12 years of age when my teacher beats all of my classmates including me just because one of us was misbehaving. That was in Baghdad, Iraq, where teachers and parents are allowed to use corporal punishment freely without any fear. Another reason is that I was born in a Catholic well-educated family that showed me what love and respect actually is. Hence, my parents didn’t accept what that teacher did and went to tell on her. They thought that a teacher should never do any kind of physical harm to their children, even if they used to do so. Therefore, I chose this topic to read more about corporal punishment and its usage in the United States. The key terms that are important in this paper are defined to give a full understanding of the issue. The term corporal punishment is defined as â€Å"the act of disciplining a child through physical means† (â€Å"Corporal Punishment†, 2006, p.1). However, there is a legal definition that most states use, which says, â€Å"Parents are allowed to use reasonable force in physically disciplining their children† (â€Å"Corporal Punishment†, 2006, p.3). Later on, I will also talk about the effective ways of disciplining a child that is nonphysical methods. One of them is â€Å"timeouts† which isShow MoreRelatedCorporal Punishment and the Effects of Its Usage757 Words   |  3 PagesCorporal Punishment and the effects of its usage Corporal punishment is the ability to make physical contact as a form of punishment for reprimanding ones behavior. Corporal punishment versus positive reinforcement while they both serve their purpose corporal punishment is known to be more effective. The most common form of disciplining has always been either a spanking, corporal punishment has been dated all the way back to biblical times. Now the corporal punishment that occurred during biblicalRead MoreRhetorical Analysis1358 Words   |  6 Pageswithin America s criminal justice system. He gives many reasons why imprisonment simply does not work, and suggests that corporal punishment should be used as an alternative. Published in the Boston Globe, a newspaper well known for being liberal, Jacoby provides a conservative view and directs his argument towards those who strongly support imprisonment and view corporal punishment to be highly barbaric and inhumane. However, in order to shed light on our current situation, Jacob y discusses the dangersRead MoreCorporal Punishment Is Not Uncommon851 Words   |  4 Pageshistory, parents have used corporal punishment as a form of discipline. Bible verses such as this instructs us that spanking as a form of corrective behavior coincides with Christian ideology. In the early stages of a child’s life, before the ability to understand reasoning and explanations, corporal punishment is necessary to correct undesirable behavior and promote discipline. In recent years, this particular form of punishment has been banned in educational institutions and usage shunned in homes inRead MoreShould Parents Be Allowed to Spank Their Children1456 Words   |  6 PagesShould Parents Be Allowed To Spank Their Children? The inhuman act of corporal punishment at home that is discouraged globally by a number of pressure groups and social welfare organizations should be completely banned, and parents should be allowed to spank their children. Physical violence practiced on children also known as corporal punishment has been discouraged globally by a number of pressure groups and social organizations for a number of reasons with serious consequences for violatorsRead MoreCorporal Punishment Is A Barbaric, Ineffective, And Counterintuitive Method Of A Person s Misbehavior1338 Words   |  6 Pages Corporal Punishment Physical harm for actions deemed negative has been a part of human civilization since the beginning of time. Corporal punishment is the act of inflicting physical pain onto another because of their wrongdoing. It has been in the spotlight of intense scrutiny and defense since psychology and the understanding of punishment in general has become more prevalent. It has been used in almost all walks of human life. Schools, homes, jail, etc. have all used or still use corporal punishmentRead MoreEssay about The Death Penalty: What if Theyre Innocent?928 Words   |  4 Pageshistory of the death penalty in the United States. It has been discussed among professionals the increased likelihood of Black people receiving corporal punishment compared to Caucasians. There has also been research that supports such discussions. Even with these findings people argue that only the most violent criminals receive a sentence of corporal punishment. Females are likely to be sentenced to death than males. Society views women less likely to be a cold hearted killer. Even demographicsRead MoreSpare the Rod, Spoil the Child: The Debate on Corporal Punishment2092 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿ â€Å"Spare the Rod, Spoil the Child: The Debate On Corporal Punishment† Introduction Many people have witnessed a misbehaved child in a public area and thought to themselves, â€Å"That child needs some discipline.† However, the type of discipline and the severity of its implementation is something that has been debated for many decades because it is tough to determine how/eif certain types of discipline are beneficial or harmful. The generally accepted definition of discipline is regarded as the practiceRead MoreThe Justification For Imprisonment781 Words   |  4 PagesPunishment is something we all experience from a very young age--punishment of children in the home, of students in schools, and punishment under law. Punishment is the authorized imposition of deprivations such as freedom or privacy or other goods to which the person otherwise has a right, or the imposition of special burdens because the person has been found guilty of some criminal violation typically involving harm to other innocents. As contributing members of society, we are all require d toRead MoreThe High Levels Of Sexual Violence Against Women1877 Words   |  8 Pagesarticle published in Violence and Victims investigates the extent to which pornography and harsh parenting can cause sexual coercion and victimization. The following two hypotheses were formulated: (1) The interaction of exposure to harsh corporal punishment and consumption of pornography will be associated to the reports of men who have engaged in coercive sexual behaviors towards female partners, and (2) the interactions of exposure to paternal hostility and consumption of pornography will beRead MoreCorporal Punishment Is The Best Form Of Parenting2099 Words   |  9 PagesCorporal Punishment Many parents argue whether or not corporal punishment is the best form of parenting. All around America, corporal punishment is and always has been accepted as the correct way to discipline children. More recently, the practice has been challenged, but despite much research, many Americans are still not convinced that there is a better way. Unlike drinking milk, smoking, and texting while driving, corporal punishment remains a silenced public health issue. Corporal punishment

I Have a Dream Speech Free Essays

Throughout the 1960s, Martin Luther King, a famous activist, engaged in various civil rights boycotts and protests, helping to further the movement and gain its eventual victory. Out of all of his civil rights efforts, the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech, given on the Lincoln Memorial in 1963, had the greatest impact on the world. The speech managed to illustrate the racist problems of the time and provoke the audience into feeling sympathy, while providing hope to the depressed African-American population. We will write a custom essay sample on I Have a Dream Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now King’s speech not only changed history for the black community, but it also gave hope to blacks throughout the world. His speech was so successful because he was able to arouse his audience to their feet and get them to take action in society. The reason for the great impact of the speech, â€Å"I Have a Dream,† is due to the tense social mood of the time and that it reflects the conditions of the time, giving black activists a vision for the future. It struck directly into the hearts of blacks across America, and made whites ashamed of their actions and be willing to have a new start. In just 17 minutes, King influenced and informed the people about racial equality and fairness. Later, near the end of his speech, King continues to â€Å"preach† this point. For example, he stated, â€Å"†¦little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. King talks about the future and how one day, freedom will â€Å"ring† from all across the United States and how people of all races will be able to â€Å"join hands† and be â€Å"brothers and sisters. † He strongly desires a united world where racism will not exist. He says, â€Å"With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. † Overall, King int elligently used a well-planned structure to manipulate his audience into agreeing with him. How to cite I Have a Dream Speech, Essay examples

The inspired life of reggae music Essay Example For Students

The inspired life of reggae music Essay Music has been felt, lived, and admired by people since the beginning of its time. Why is it that any individual can pick out the name of their favorite song, artist, and genre, and tell another there is none greater? Music, like other few things in this world, can literally change a humans outlook on life. Whether long term or Just in that precise moment, a single song can truly change an individual, congregation, society, or even the world. With its roots embedded and built upon true love, reggae empowers its listeners with concepts of acceptance, peace, and unity. In the late sasss Reggae was introduced to the Jamaican culture as a way of expressing their every day lives through music. One of the worlds most famous artists Bob Marled, the Third Worlds first superstar, with his musical gospel of love and global unity set the way by living, and leading through example. With his talent and religious belief being his only weapons, the Jamaican recording artist applied himself with unstinting perseverance to spreading his prophetic musical message; e only departed this planet when he felt his vision of One World, One Love, which was inspired by his belief in Rationalisms, was beginning in some quarters to be heard and felt. For example, in 1980, the European tour of Bob Marled and the Wailers played to the largest audiences a musical act had ever experienced there (Salaries, 2009). In todays society it seems more and more people are out of their luck, down in the dumps, depressed, or are Just having a harder time in their normal day to day lives. In a recent interview with Reed Spamming, a fellow reggae listener ND close friend, he stated Besides the fact that reggae music is different and less popular in which I like, there is no other music that hits me with more positive vibes and energy than does reggae. Whenever I am feeling down and out, having negative thoughts, my drug is reggae music. Nothing else, I should say legally, can turn my negative thoughts into positive. It has a healing power that enables you to enjoy the moment you are in, and not caring for what is to come. Reggae music has not only influenced people like Reed and myself, but millions of listeners around the world. If possible to interview them all, the most common shared feeling would come down to having peace in ones life. This only being a factor because, the legends that set the tone and the vibes the way they are meant to be intended. Legends such as Bob Marled and the Wailers, Steel Pulse, Alpha Bloody, BUBO, and Graduation all have a shared value of love and peace. Reggae tries to teach the listener to look beyond bad circumstances that they might the inspired life of reggae music By gabble on their circumstance. Reggae has done and accomplished this task in many places f the world with their good rhythms, beats, and lyrics to inspire people of happiness. To let individuals know and recognize that good can be seen in all bad. Bethink Walters, sister of the Author, quoted, I have a family with five kids, all under the age of eight years old, the stress and heartache I feel at times can almost be unbearable. As Gab being my younger brother, Reggae music has rubbed off on me and can take me to levels I cant explain. Whether Im trying to clean, cook, get the kids ready, or even myself, having reggae music playing in the background has never failed to keep e at ease. .u4afe9c8fa16354bbcd2dd2e517f82a00 , .u4afe9c8fa16354bbcd2dd2e517f82a00 .postImageUrl , .u4afe9c8fa16354bbcd2dd2e517f82a00 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4afe9c8fa16354bbcd2dd2e517f82a00 , .u4afe9c8fa16354bbcd2dd2e517f82a00:hover , .u4afe9c8fa16354bbcd2dd2e517f82a00:visited , .u4afe9c8fa16354bbcd2dd2e517f82a00:active { border:0!important; } .u4afe9c8fa16354bbcd2dd2e517f82a00 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4afe9c8fa16354bbcd2dd2e517f82a00 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4afe9c8fa16354bbcd2dd2e517f82a00:active , .u4afe9c8fa16354bbcd2dd2e517f82a00:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4afe9c8fa16354bbcd2dd2e517f82a00 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4afe9c8fa16354bbcd2dd2e517f82a00 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4afe9c8fa16354bbcd2dd2e517f82a00 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4afe9c8fa16354bbcd2dd2e517f82a00 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4afe9c8fa16354bbcd2dd2e517f82a00:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4afe9c8fa16354bbcd2dd2e517f82a00 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4afe9c8fa16354bbcd2dd2e517f82a00 .u4afe9c8fa16354bbcd2dd2e517f82a00-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4afe9c8fa16354bbcd2dd2e517f82a00:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Many have paralleled Sylvia Plath's novel, The Bell Jar, to her very own life EssayExamples of Hawaii, Jamaica, the Polynesian Islands, Australia, New Zealand, Bahamas and many other beautiful remote places of the world, share their lifestyles, vibes, and harmony through a common solid ground, the roots of reggae. Many common and familiar Reggae artists share an actual, not Just spiritual belief known as Rationalisms. In this particular belief members will participate in a ritual of sharing ganja or marijuana with one another, a sacrament for Restraints. This is a belief that brings a person closer to God and makes the mind more open to receiving His testimony. Therefore, cannabis (referred to as ganja in Jamaican slang) often features prominently in reggae lyrics. Unfortunately, a few decades of American teenagers have misinterpreted this sacred ritual and use it as an excuse to partake. Many people around the world will think of people who listen to reggae music as stoner, pot heads, or Just lazy all due to a few generations of poor discussion making of younger people. There are even artists that have tweaked the way reggae is intended and only speak through lyrics of getting high, stoned, and having a good time feeling Erie (Roomer, 2012) . In a song called So High by Revolution, their lyrics state, Whos got the ERP when IM dry, I want to get so high, Whos got everything I need, IM a fen for the green, sticky leaves, man IM getting so high, whos got the chronic that I like, right between the lows and the highs, IM feeling alright . Songs like these will and do give reggae a bad name for itself. They take the simple fact that legends of old used to smoke and twist it for there own entertainment. Though some artists choose to make their music for a certain audience, one cannot Judge or look down on a whole Genre cause a select few decide to portray that image. Though some great reggae musicians have and still do smoke marijuana does not change what their lyrics are trying to portray to the world. For example Ray Charles, looking at his past he dell with hard and severe drugs, had alcohol problems, struggled with his marriage, living and having sexual relations with other women. Many in our society would frown upon his actions and think lesser of the man if they knew about his past. Putting his past behind and understanding what he accomplished, seeing his success, the way he eloped move citizens away from racism in a time that it was so prominent. Looking at all the good, it is very hard to Judge him of the bad. This same concept applies to reggae. You do not have to agree with their lifestyle and what they choose to do, but if you look at the good that this style of music represents, the good will always out way the bad. Of what was to come. Reggae music has been inspired through the legendary Bob Marled. Bobs thoughts and way of life was to see peace and happiness. With a desire to change the outlook of the world and society Bob knew the only way to see his ream come through would be to accept people for who they are (Recruit, 2012). With that in mind Reggae music teaches through lyrics, rhythms, and beats that though people are different, we are all still one. Skin color, beliefs, political views, anything that separates individuals can be reunited through reggae. Though many Reggae artists are Restrain, they except and love every individual that may believe differently than them. Whether your God is translated to the Christianity form, or to the Atheist, a hobby that makes he or she happiest. Reggae notes the listener in accepting the fact that whatever your belief is, if it makes you a better person, gives you happiness, and aspires you to share that love with others, then to continue, and not fall in the trap of stress, disappointment, perhaps even hatred, but to continue living your life in a carefree, pleasant, and loving manner. So the next time you find yourself down and out, remember, music can be felt from within, it can change you, perhaps your favorite song may be the only thing to get ones self in a better place. So what about Reggae? Can it change you?

The One That Got Away Essay Research free essay sample

The One That Got Away Essay, Research Paper The One That Got Away # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; It is a? 96 opening forenoon quota Hunt. The Sun has been up for approximately 10 proceedingss now. I still can? t see much though. The Sun is get downing to come over the environing hillsides. A dazed forenoon. I am get downing to be able to see the trees and other flora around me. I hear a stick catch to my left # 8230 ; ..followed by a rustling of foliages. It? s decidedly got four legs # 8230 ; .probably a squirrel. Not acquiring any brighter. The clouds and fog are barricading the Sun out. The sticks are still snarling and acquiring louder to my left. My bosom begins to lb # 8230 ; ..it? s decidedly a cervid. I can see the lineation now, it? s coming nearer. I? m non certain if it? s a vaulting horse or a Department of Energy # 8230 ; it doesn? t affair, they all taste the same. We will write a custom essay sample on The One That Got Away Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The cervid is closer now # 8230 ; much closer. About 30 paces to the left. I begin to raise my.30-.30 Marlin rifle. I haven? T shot a cervid with it yet # 8230 ; it? s new. A birthday nowadays. As the gun nears my shoulder, and the cervid nears me I flip the safety off and draw the cock back. The crosshairs are on the kill-zone, and my finger tight on the trigger†¦ one more move will fire the gun. As I am squashing the trigger for the shooting I hear a oink. Not from this cervid, but from the top of the hill. It? s excessively dazed to see really far, so I let the hammer down and delay. Another oink. Closer. My leg begins to agitate ; my bosom lbs. The cervid comes out of the fog and caputs toward the one already here. Again the gun comes to my shoulder and saddle sores in the kill-zone of the cervid. Hammer back # 8230 ; the gun fires! The cervid falls to the land. It? s still alive, but non by much. I jack another shell into the chamber, but decide against firing into the cervid a 2nd clip. I am waiting for my pa to come up the hill watching the last breaths of the vaulting horse. A first vaulting horse for me, I can? t delay to see him up near. Suddenly, my whole life spins and takes a crisp bend # 8230 ; the cervid is up! ! ! I have a shell in the chamber, but it is excessively dazed and can non follow through with the shooting! My pa reaches the top, we look for blood eventually happening a little pool where the vaulting horse foremost laid. We follow beads for several hours, concluding stoping in a dead terminal. The cervid is gone. Possibly following twelvemonth.

Ann Petrys Mrs. Hedges from The Streer essays

Ann Petry's Mrs. Hedges from The Streer essays Ann Petrys Mrs. Hedges: A Challenger Appears from the Confines of Disabled Femininity Throughout The Street Ann Petry thematically examines the possibility of coexistence between the maintenance of personal virtue and morality with the achievement of the capitalistic successes of the American Dream. This is evident in Luties vice grip onto virtue and her dualistic violent slaying of Boots, but is especially poignant the prostitution profiteer Mrs. Hedges. She is constantly portrayed in a dual manner, as she is the embodiment of the achievement of the American dream and the degradation of women, virtue and community. Remaining in Petrys neutrality as to the morality of prostitution, Mrs. Hedges presents herself as a denunciator and deconstructionist to the ideal that feminine success is reliant upon an overwhelming presence of corporeal beauty with an absence of strength and determination. Mrs. Hedges is presented from the onset of the novel as a persistent, resourceful, snake eyed, very black, and an enormous bulk of a woman.(Petry 5-6) She is the antithesis of the slim, European pedagogue of beauty of white America exposed through Luties former employer, Mrs. Chandler. Her lack of conformation to the unattainable and unmistakably white ideal of physical attractiveness is most tangible in the scene in which she reveals the history of her physical aberrations. In escaping though the window of her flame engulfed apartment Mrs. Hedges secured sever burns over most of her dark bulky body. During her plight she was however most concerned with protecting her beauty and attractiveness, as she tried to keep her face covered with her hands, so that she couldnt see what she was heading into, so that she could keep the flame from her face. (Petry 244) It is tempting to interpret her face covering as an attempt to keep smoke from her eyes, but it is apparent that...

Strategic marketing based on case study Maytag Corporation Research Paper

Strategic marketing based on case study Maytag Corporation - Research Paper Example The main problem in this case is the decision of buying the Maytag Corporation. The deadline regarding the offer is getting near and Qingdao Haier was still undecided whether or not to acquire the other company. Alongside with the main problem is the issue of what would Maytag bring to Qingdao in case it has made its decision to finally acquire it – whether it will be beneficial to the company or would just be a burden to the firm. Moreover, the changes that the acquisition would bring to the company such as the structure, the operations and even the policies are also the things that Qingdao should consider. All these should be evaluated in order to come up with a sound decision of Qingdao’s acquisition of Maytag. SWOT Analysis †¢ Strengths Qingdao Haier Ltd. is a very powerful company operating for more than two decades already. With this, the company has become one of the top 50 corporations in developing countries. Its ability to manufacture appliances at a wide range is also a strength that the company has, not to mention its diversified marketing strategy. Being able to conquer even the foreign lands is a proof of how well the company is going. The strength of going in for a difficult market, just like what the company did shows how strong the company is and reaching those markets is another strength for the company since this would mean that they are able to influence more people, thus bringing in higher income to themselves. As for Maytag Corporation, its edge on advertising is a big strength for the company. The quality of their appliances is also well-known. Maytag has as well made a mark in the home appliance industry by selling their appliances on the large retailers and numerous independent distributors. Con quering the United States, the company is said to be at large in this country. Maytag Corporation can also be said as a diversified corporation when it comes to their products. They are able to compete with other companies by producing appliances that meet the needs of different people. Weaknesses The Qingdao Haier Ltd. is weak at its advertising campaigns. Though this could not be seen as much of a hindrance to the company’s success, still, it can be viewed as its weakness, as advertisements make a huge impact on everything especially when you are selling something. Another weakness that Qingdao possesses is the pricing. Qingdao prices its products lower than any other brands like Whirlpool, General Electric and Maytag. This can be viewed as a weakness since by pricing your product on a lower level; consumers can have the mentality that your product is a sub-standard one as well. On the other hand, Maytag Corporation’s main weakness is its lack of innovation. The need s of people changes as time passes by and Maytag failed to deliver these needs, unlike what the other brands did. This has caused for the decline in sales and revenues for Maytag Corporation for the past years. With this, distributors as well stopped selling the brands thus giving

Strategic Management of Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Strategic Management of Human Resources - Essay Example On the other hand many enlightened businesses undertook the same to provide an enhanced experience to their employees which in turn greatly added their contribution to the organisation. The next level of change in the role and functions of personnel departments occurred with automation. Thus computerisation of functions such as pay roll and record keeping relieved personnel managers to focus on larger issues enhancing their contribution to strategic value addition to the organization as a whole. Personnel departments are also becoming more aware of the roles and responsibilities of line managers so that there is greater integration between the two for attaining strategic value. The delivery of greater quality of services by personnel departments is thus providing impetus to development in other functions of management. Personnel departments thus increasingly came to be seen not as boundary managers but value builders The traditional role of the personnel department has been seen as recruitment, defining job roles, training, structuring of pay and allowances, measuring performance and finally relieve those who are not performing satisfactorily. In many organisations these were also dealing with labour relations. However over the years, this role has been enlarged within the scope of general functions stated above to include induction of the best talent, providing effective training as per needs of the organization, designing and measuring job roles and performance, compensation management to include not just remuneration but also employee stock options based on performance and as a form of incentive and providing feedback to the management on the state of human resources in the organisation. During this stage, the term, human resources manager was being increasingly used in the management lexicon to represent the functions carried out by personnel managers. (Bersin, 2006) Induction of information technology into management and personnel functions had a lasting impact on its role and functions. Information technology systems automated routine and repetitive tasks which were so far engaging personnel managers such as pay rolls, performance reporting and incentive management. (Bersin, 2006). Systems such as recruitment and application tracking, total compensation packages build around cost to company, e learning and organizational development resulted in freeing the human resources manager to focus his attention on achieving key organizational goals by becoming a business partner in strategy implementation. Thus gradually personnel departments provided critical inputs for organizational growth. The emergence of the information and knowledge economy has also provided a critical role to personnel departments in what is being called as talent management. (Bersin, 2006). This implies personnel strategies which can identify best talent critical to organizational growth, retain and motivate it. The various strategies used for this purpose include management of competencies, measurement of performance, aligning these with the compensation package; assess overall contribution to the organization and so on. The overall aim is to limit job hopping, a trend

Inflation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Inflation - Essay Example As inflation is directly proportional with the aggregate demand in an economy and also the money supply, governments encourage a certain rate of inflation to prevail in an economy for gradual growth (Edwards, 1984). Prior to setting up of a business or preparing the annual financial budget for the economy, inflation is always taken into account. Measures are taken to control inflation so as to leave room for investment, global competitiveness and local demand in the economy. Therefore, attaining price stability through controlled inflation has always been one of the major concerns for all economies (Hart, 2010). Inflation is caused through various factors. It is however difficult to conclude as to what factor has precisely led to inflation and by how much. The forces of demand and supply and other factors concurrently result into inflation and the government has the tools of fiscal and monetary policy to control these factors simultaneously. The major causes of inflation can be because of a demand shocks, supply shocks, money supply and exchange rates, and future expectations (Mishkin, 1984): Inflation is directly proportional to the aggregate demand in an economy. This is because, when the economy is at its growth stage, there are more employment opportunities. As more people are able to work, households’ incomes rise giving them more purchasing power. This causes a rise in the aggregate demand. As the aggregate demand curve moves to the left, the producers also have to increase their supply to exploit this rise in demand. As they increase their production/extend their supply, their costs of production increase which results into an increase in the price level. This Demand-pull inflation can be so intense that it can also cause a Stagflation where an economy reaches at a stagnant growth with high unemployment and high inflation rates. (Martin, 1985). In contrast with Demand-Pull Inflation, Cost-Push Inflation is

Example Essay On Interprofessional Collaberation In Practice Nursing Essay

Example Essay On Interprofessional Collaberation In Practice Nursing Essay Section 1 According to Cullen et al (2003), in order to meet the demands of a modern National Health Service (NHS) professionals are encouraged to work collaboratively and form partnerships to ensure seamless delivery of care. Interprofessional Education (IPE) is advocated as a means to enable professionals to understand one another and break down boundaries between them. (p.427). The nature of nursing care is predicated on an idea of working within a team, and a premium is almost always placed on communication, not just as a means of caring for patients and ultimately saving lives, but also to alleviate the stresses and strains associated with frontline care. Whilst the idea of communication being important is not new, the formation of IP teams, particularly within the realm of nursing, is. Cullen et al set out in order to try and better understand what positive lessons could be learnt from such a process. This essay will seek to try and understand the thinking that went into this study, base d on the real life experiences of the author. Cullen et al conclude their study with the point that The development of IPE aided communication and collaboration between the academics and health professionals and helped to break down professional boundaries. Testing out new methods through action research has enhanced our understanding of the implications for students and teachers. (p.432). Whilst I ultimately found this to be the case, I would like to go into a bit of detail as to why exactly I came to these conclusions. Having met the group for the first time, we were all introduced and began to mingle. Given how short we had all known each other, it was difficult to establish any common points of reference. One imagines that within the workplace, where relationships are formed and cultivated over a longer period of time, always within a professional context, such relationships would be less artificial or constructed. Nonetheless, our different perspectives were in no way artificial, and it was useful to try and understand ever yones reasons for choosing to study what they do, even if few of us had had the chance to put those studies to consistent, long-term effect under the professionals rigours of frontline care. As such, many of the early discussions were very much more theoretical, idealistic even, than they might possibly be after a few years of experience within frontline care. There was however, a certain amount of agreement too. All of the students were aware of the positive benefits of IPE and felt that by virtue of being medical students, they were in some way isolated from the larger university student body as a whole. This had both positive and negative effects. Whilst some argued that it brought the students closer together, others admitted that they felt isolated at times. Either way, it is clear that stereotyping is not a positive factor in IPE. As Fraser et al (2005) acknowledge, Professional stereotyping is considered to cause barriers to effective working relationships and team approaches to care. Learning together at undergraduate level can promote different professional groups understanding and respect for one another and an appreciation of the importance of team working in the health sector. (p.271) This collaborative way of thinking helped us formulate our first group sentence, Poor communication is the lack of ability to articulate to and interpret information from other Health Care Professionals (HCPs), which then tied in closely with our second sentence: Negative attitudes towards other HCPs leads to a  breakdown in communication. As Koubel and Bungay (2010) showed, this is key for any multidisciplinary approach to have any sort of success. Taking an interdisciplinary approach to the question in hand, social work provides some useful analogues. Social workers form partnerships with people: helping them to assess and interpret the problems they face, and supporting them in finding solutions. They have to know how the law works and be fully up to speed with the social welfare system. They will liaise regularly with other professionals teachers, doctors, nurses, police, lawyers acting on behalf of the people they are working with. (http://www.socialworkandcare.co.uk) Furthe rmore, as Brayne and Carr (1999) point out,social workers are the creation of government; government is therefore accountable to the public for their work and obliged to regulate their activities. Second, social workers as caring professionals are themselves accountable to their users and to the public at large. (p.6) The same is very much true of healthcare professionals, and interprofessional relationships need to be understood in this context. There is a duty not only to provide the patient with the best care possible, but also to deliver value for money for the taxpayer. Accordingly, interprofessional relationships need to be fostered to deliver the most efficient and effective care possible. What exactly does this involve? Of course, in the professional arena, job roles are to a certain extent prescribed by job titles. However, within the stress of the workplace, roles can become muddled and confused. Accordingly, one of our major tasks involved role definition. It is not simply enough to be clear with one another: practitioners need to define their roles and act accordingly. As Skott (2001) notes, Professional nursing care is formed and carried out in a social cultural process. The discipline of nursing should study narrative communication to understand how individual and collective levels are connected in experiences of sickness and cure. (p.249) Nonetheless, Brereton (1995) has shown that there are still a great deal of holes in the critical thinking towards communication in nursing care: The theory-practice relationship and the use of communication and interpersonal skills in nursing have been recurrently identified as issues causing concernà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦there appea rs to be a reliance on mentors to assess student progress and determine whether they have knowledge underpinning practice. Classroom teaching was recognized as idealistic but the divisions in participants opinions led to difficulty in determining whether a theory-practice gap actually exists. (p.314). As a group, we all came to the conclusion that one of the key aspects of IPE is avoiding stereotypes. This was viewed as a fundamental basis for the following points: It is important to value each professions individual contribution to overall patient welfare. Varying perspectives exist, but any barriers must be overcome in order to promote holistic care. Pre conceived notions of any member of the Multi disciplinary team need to be challenged. Hierarchical states of mind have no place when a multi disciplinary team is working towards service user goals. Whilst communication and stereotyping avoidance may seem like natural bedfellows, it was interesting to be exposed to a group which arrived with preconceived notions of how the nursing profession worked. Whilst my experience of frontline care is limited, my brief experiences have shown that stereotyping is endemic. This may range from physicians making certain judgements about the role or usefulness of nurses, or even vice versa, but throughout the conference, it became clear that attitudes such as these had no place within the professional world of HCPs. Not only do they create a negative, hostile atmosphere, but they also prevent HCPs from doing their job properly, and ultimately, pose a threat to the treatment of patients. Word count 1195. Section 2: In many ways, learning about IPE has been a natural development from the direction my studies were already taking. Anyone interested in nursing is, almost by definition a communicator, as it is a profession in which discussion, listening, and mutual understanding are key. Nonetheless, the things I have learnt from IPE have helped me to understand previous experiences better. Reeves (2001) looked into the 15-month project which evaluated the effectiveness of interprofessional education (IPE) for first and second year medical, nursing and dental students on a community-based placement, using a process-based approach which tracked the education and social processes connected to IPE. Such an approach has helped overcome some of the problems of using before-and-after designs. (p. 269) He found that community-based IPE placements were deeply beneficial in aiding students development, as the on-the-job nature of the tasks they faced forced them to adapt on the spot, often needing to adapt with the help of other HCPs. In my experience this was also the case. When I was helping geriatric patients who were acutely ill, I found that IPE skills became increasingly important. Leff et al (2005) note that Acutely ill older persons often experience adverse events when cared for in the acute care hospital (p.798) Given the anxiety caused to elderly acutely ill patients, any efforts that could be made to accommodate them should be encouraged, and accordingly, the research is both worthwhile and timely. Whilst much literature exists regarding home nursing for end of life care, it is relatively sparse for elderly, acutely ill patients. Zarit (2004) in particular, using the case of disabled patients facing end of life care, note that family members provide a considerable amount of the care for people with terminal illnessesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and family caregivers must be recognized as an essential part of the treatment team. By clearly recognizing this role, physicians and other health care providers encourage caregivers to be more confident about their abilities to care for their loved ones. (p.170). Zarit goes on to argue that the role of family carer is not only beneficial to the part played by the healthcare professionals, it can also be a cost-effective way of giving patients the best palliative care that they need. He even argues that patient surviva l rates can be affected by paying close attention to family members at the front-line of care. Thus, he recommends that a psychologist or other health care professional familiar with end-of-life care included as part of the treatment team. Although time and effort are required, these strategies may help caregivers provide the care they want to and provide better home care at a reduced risk to their own health. (p.170). Furthermore, as Leff et al go on to point out, Patients, but not caregivers, had increased satisfaction with hospital-at-home care, and there was some evidence that substitutive models may be cost- effective. However, with some exceptions, most of these models would be difficult to distinguish from augmented skilled nursing services, community-based long-term care, or home-based primary care services in the United States. (p.798) As we can see, there are clearly a number of benefits associated with care at home. However, for the caregiver, such situations can also create a raft of potential problems. Whilst most academics agree that the influence of the family is generally a positive one, not much critical thinking has been devoted to what role the family play in allowing HCPs to perform their job as they should. Outside of the hospital environment, the familys role is much greater, and often, in my experience at least, they feel that this entitles them to a greater degree of say in the patients care. Whilst I would generally agree with this, I had one experience in particular which made me question this. Because of the increased role of the family in this case, they felt that they knew best about how to care for their acutely ill family member. However, there was evidence to suggest that they were not delivering the right level of care. Since returning home, the patients condition had deteriorated, and there was a strong argument to be made for readmission into hospital, something the family were completely against. Whilst the physician in charge was willing to watch and see how the situation developed, the critical care nurse was pressing for readmission, the difference in opinions shows the power dynamics between the physician and nurse and has been noted without in-depth discussion between the two, created a barrier to effective collaboration (Manias Street 2000). However, the family was a low-income family, and as such, used to receive visits from social workers. Accordingly, there was a great deal of IPE needed to deal with the situation. For example, whilst the social worker was not responsible for the health of the patient, and were visiting the family on other grounds, they were consulted on what they thought was occurring under the familys supervision. This involved the nurse in charge communicating with the social worker, an interdisciplinary approach that necessitated diffe rent public sector workers working alongside each other. The interaction between the nurse and social worker showed a co-ordinated effective collaboration between HCPs to provide a service to improve the quality and decision making process of patient care (Spry 2006). However, there were also certain problems at our end. The physician in charge of the patient seemed unwilling to get actively involved. He was well-known to be a poor communicator, and seemed more involved in other aspects of his work than dealing with the patients, particularly when they were no longer in the hospital. However, since nothing could be done without his authority, it was frustrating for myself and the nurse to get anything done with him dragging his feet. Likewise, although the social worker was very willing and able to perform their job, they felt put upon when discussing any problems that fell without their remit. As such, it was left to myself and the nurse in charge to orchestrate managing the problem. Cheek and Rudge (1994) look closely at the socio-aspects of nursing to deconstruct the power relations implicit within the socio-political context of the health care arena in which nursing operates. (p.583) They found that womens health and nursing practice were exem plars of the limiting effects of such discourses. (p.583) Seeing the reaction the female nurses inquiries, it certainly felt that her sex was a limiting factor on how she could get stuff done. The conference was very clear in that one of the major points of IPE was to avoid stereotypes. One of the largest stereotypes is that all nurses are women, and it felt like, the physician in particular, was labouring under some outdated view of nurses that was close to the era of Florence Nightingale than the present day. Of course, gender stereotyping works both ways. McDonald and Bridge (1991) found that Nurses planned significantly more ambulation, analgesic administration, and emotional support time for the male patient, despite the presence of individuating information. More accurate, effective nursing care is possible when nurses are aware of the effect of gender stereotyping on nursing care. (p.373) However, in this instant, it very much felt like the opinion of the nurse in charge was being undermined due to her sex. Although the patient was eventually readmitted, it wasnt done without much bureaucratic leg-dragging, and I was left feeling that this was a poor example of interdisciplinary care. It could have been improved by more willingness of those in charge to define roles clearly, avoid stereotypes, and place the care of the patient at the forefront of their concerns. I hope that in my future career I am able to learn from this, and apply the things I have learnt to an array of challenging real-life situations. Word count 1293.

Edgar Allan Poe?s ?The Philosophy of Composition? :: essays research papers

Shortly after Edgar Allan Poe had completed his masterpiece, â€Å"The Raven† and sold it for $15 in 1845, he composed an essay entitled â€Å"The Philosophy of Composition†. In the essay, he claims that writing a poem was a methodical process, much like solving a mathematical problem. Poe emphasized that a poem should be read and enjoyed in one sitting, thus concluding that a poem should be around 100 lines long (The Raven was 108 lines long). Poe also states that his method of writing a poem consists of writing it backwards. Each section of the poem relies heavily upon alliteration and alternating interior rhythms. Poe used a method to appeal to both popular and critical tastes by hitting upon the most melancholic of all subjects: the death of a beautiful woman. "The death†¦of a beautiful woman is, unquestionably, the most poetic topic in the world – and equally is it beyond the doubt that the lips best suited for such topic are those of a bereaved lover". Of all the themes, he chose death, because it was an emotion that everyone can relate to. Poe believed that the most poetic use of the theme death was the death of a beautiful woman. Having the theme and subject planned out, he composed his poem backwards, adding uses of the word â€Å"nevermore†. The alliteration of â€Å"nevermore† builds tension, stanza by stanza. Poe wanted to create poetry of feeling, to be able to relate the reader with the narrator. However, it has been suggested that â€Å"The Philosophy of Composition† was a hoax, and it is unlikely that it is an account of his poem, â€Å"The Raven†. Scholars are skeptical because he enjoys revealing his secrets a little too much in that he loved to explain and analyze his writing skills.

KFC Corporation Essay

KFC Corporation, or KFC, founded and also known as Kentucky Fried chicken is a chain of fast food restaurant based in Louisville, Kentucky. KFC is a brand and operating segment, called a â€Å"concept† of Yum! Brands since 1997 when that company was spun off from PepsiCo. KFC primarily sells chicken in form of pieces, wraps, salads and sandwiches. While its primary focus is fried chicken, KFC also offers a line of roasted chicken products, side dishes and desserts. Target Market â€Å"The process of evaluating each market segment’s attractiveness and selecting two or more segments† As the outlets of KFC are in posh area and prices are too high (overhead expenses-rent, air-conditioning, employees), so KFC target upper and middle classes. Target market depends upon size and growth rate of population, company resources and structural attractiveness of market segment. Market Positioning For a product to occupy a clear, distinctive and desirable place relative to â€Å"competing products in the minds of target consumer.† In KFC feedback is taken from the customer in order to know the customer demands and then improvements are made in the product. KFC focuses on pure and fresh food in order to create a distinct and clear positioning in the minds of customers, KFC has a strong brand name and they are leading market in fried chicken.

The Five Doctrines of Islamic Faith

Axia college The standard beliefs of Islam are identified as theFive Doctrines of Islamic Faith. They are documented as such, the unquestioned unity of God, the belief in the prophets, the recognition of angels, belief in scripture or koran, and belief in the coming of Final Judgment. Islam is built on the five pillars or acts of worship. These FivePillars describe the expected obligations performed by a Muslim follower. These are described as the basic framework for worship in a Muslim life. The five are as follows declaration of faith, prayer, having concern for the needy, self-purification, and pilgrimage to Mecca. Pillar number one is Al-Shahadaor the declaration of faith. The pillar outlines that all followers must announce their faith to enter into Islam in the presence of witnesses. A kep point of this is knowing that Allah is the only one worthy of your worship. Pillar number two is Salat or prayer, which is required of all Muslims once adulthood is established. Prayer is a daily occurance to be exact five timesper day. Prayer lasts five to ten minutes each time. Pillar number three is Zakat or charity. The islam belief is that all prosperity and wealth is only worthy of God, and God’s desire is for Muslims to express generocity in life. Zakat requires the giving of a piece of a persons financial wealth to charity at the conclusion of the year. Pillar number four is Sawm or fasting. Every Muslim is required to fast for Ramadan which falls at month number nine of the muslim calendar. The muslim reasoning for fasting is to cleanse you spiritually and physically as well as focus your attention on spiritual aspects rather than on physical ones. Fasting for Muslims includes refraining from eating or drinking anything as well as having sexual intercourse from dawn to dusk. The last Pillar is Hajj or the pilgrimage to Mecca. Every Muslim outside of those who are physically or financially unable, must makethe pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during the course of life. My thought is that the declaration of faith would be the easiest because its a one time pillar that takes a short time. The most challenging would be the fast from dusk to dawn because I would find it difficult to focus all day with no food for 12 hours or so.

Elements of a Crime Essays

Elements of a Crime Essays Elements of a Crime Essay Elements of a Crime Essay Essay Topic: 6th Grade Elements of a Crime (Actus Reus Mens Rea) Model Lesson Plan Source: Original lesson plan. Handout #2 from David Crump, Criminal Law: Cases, Statutes, And Lawyering Strategies, Lexis Nexis 2005 pg. 117-18. I. Goals: by the end of this class students should have a strong foundation for reading criminal statutes and differentiating similar crimes. II. Objectives a. Knowledge objectives: as a result of this class students will be better able to: i. define Actus Reus and Mens Rea ii. understand the different gradations of Mens Rea iii. nderstand the differences between Washington’s homicide statutes b. Skills objectives: as a result of this class students will be better able to: i. read a statute carefully and apply it to fact patterns ii. present and defend their interpretations of the law c. Attitude objectives: i. Students should understand that the severity of criminal punishments can vary greatly depending on the defendant’s mental state in a manner that is largely consistent with the general societal belief that intentionally wrongful acts are worse than unintentional, but still wrongful acts. ii.Students should carefully consider the potentially harsh results that occur when legislatures replace mens rea with strict liability. III. Methods (1)Distribute Handout #1 (Hypos) (2)Read the introductory hypothetical aloud as a class. Ask for volunteers to answer the questions. a. The class should come to the conclusion that Frank did cause Bill’s death in the sense that if he hadn’t moved the mirror in the particular way he did at that exact time, the window washer wouldn’t have been blinded and Bill wouldn’t have slipped. This is a good example of but for or actual causation as used in Handout #2.However, the law typically only imposes liability where the defendant’s conduct is the proximate cause of the harmful event/ crime. b. However, it seems like Frank didn’t do anything wrong. Try to elicit why this result seems wrong and write the class’s ideas on the whiteboard. (3)Distribute Handout #2 (Elements) (4)Handout #2 Walk through the Elements handout. Be careful to explain that not all of the elements are always present in a criminal statute. For example, attempted murder doesn’t have a harm element and parking violations don’t have a mens rea element, e. g. ne can receive a parking citation for parking in a handicapped spot even if it was unintentional or an accident. Furthermore, the elements aren’t perfectly discrete and there is some overlap. (5)Distribute Handout #3 (Statutes) a. Explain that the groups will be analyzing the hypos with respect to the statutes provided in Handout #3. The Grades of Homicide are meant to demonstrate the changes mens rea. b. Walk through the statutes and give a thumbnail sketch of i. First degree murder: 1. Premeditated killing. An intentional killing that was deliberate and contemplated prior to the killing. . Extreme Indifference. Covers the possibility that someone knows that what they are going to do will result in the death of another person, but at the same time doesn’t intend to kill. See the bomb hypo in handout # 1. ii. Second degree murder 1. Intentional killing without premeditation. The classic example is a passion killing where the homicide occurs in the heat of the moment. iii. First degree manslaughter 1. Recklessness. Conscious awareness of an unacceptable risk to human life. Recklessness is similar to extreme indifference, but the risk that human life will be lost is less. v. Second degree manslaughter 1. Criminal negligence. Gross deviation from standard of care. v. Statutory rape 1. No mens rea. Strict liability with a limited affirmative defense where minor misrepresents age. In an effort to protect minor children, state legislatures have placed an increased burden to ascertain age on the older party. (6)Break into groups of 3-5 to apply statutes to Hypos 1-5. Have groups designate a reporter and a recorder. The recorder should write each of the group members’ names on the top of handout #1 and also record the group’s answers on the space provided.The Reporter is responsible for explaining the group’s reasoning and conclusion when the class reconvenes. (7)Reconvene Class: call on each group to present their analysis of one hypo. Ask questions to push them in the right direction if you think they missed something or ask questions forcing them to defend their answers if you think they got it right. Note to teacher: suggested answers to the hypotheticals are on a separate sheet at the end of this lesson plan. (8)Take-away: mens rea standards vary widely from premeditated intent to strict liability.You need to read statutes carefully to determine the correct standard. IV. Evaluation a. Group performance on written responses to Hypos1-5 and class discussion. V. Assignment a. Write a one page response to the following question: Should Melvin be punished for his relationship with Laura? If not, please explain why. How do you think Washington’s statutory rape statute should be changed? If you think that Melvin should be punished, please explain why. Handout #1: Hypothetical Scenarios Introductory Hypo: Frank is helping his friend move into a downtown Seattle condo.While unloading a large mirror from the moving truck, the bright sunlight hits the mirror and reflects against the 40th floor of the skyscraper across the street which temporarily blinds a window washer and causes him to stumble. During this moment of temporary blindness, lasting about a second and a half, the window washer inadvertently kicks over his window washing bucket onto the street below. The water and soap from the bucket hit the sidewalk right in front of Bill the jogger. Bill was unable to stop before stepping on the slippery sidewalk, causing him to lose his balance and fall.When Bill fell, he hit his head on the sidewalk. Bill died two weeks later from his head injury. Suppose that Washington law provides: Anyone who causes the death of another person shall be guilty of murder. Would Frank be guilty of murder under this law? Should he be? Group Exercise Hypos Instructions: Nominate someone in your group to be the recorder and another person to be the class reporter. Read each hypothetical and determine which statute, if any, applies to the facts of the hypothetical and whether the defendant has violated the statute.Hypo #1: Sarah is held at gun point by Roger on a rooftop. Roger tells Sarah that she must shoot and kill Steven. Sarah pleads with Roger to let her go and that she does not want to kill Steven. Roger tells Sarah that unless she successfully shoots and kills Steven, he will kill Sarah and her entire family. Roger has a violent reputation and Sarah has no reason to believe that Roger will not follow through with his threat. Roger identifies Steven walking on the other side of the street and tells Sarah to take the shot.Fearing for the safety of her family and herself, Sarah takes careful aim at Steven, gauges the wind and change in elevation, and fires a precise shot penetrating Steven’s heart. What crimes if any has Sarah committed? Explain ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Hypo #2: Mildred comes home from work early only to discover her husband Robert in the midst of a lewd affair with their neighbor Gladys.In sudden fit of rage, Mildred grabs a flower vase and smashes it over Gladys’ head knocking her unconscious. With a broken shard of ceramic from the vase, Mildred stabs Robert in the neck. Robert dies from sudden blood loss within seconds. After killing Robert, Mildred drags Gladys’ unconscious, but still breathing, body into the garage where she ties Gladys to a folding chair and duct tapes her mouth shut to keep her from screaming. Mildred then returns to the house, prepares a cup of hot tea and takes a long bubble bath contemplating what she should do with Gladys.After finishing her bath, Mildred brainstorms in a note book for several hours about what she might do with Gladys. Ultimately, Mildred decides that Gladys must die for what she has done. Mildred then returns to the garage where she calmly shoots and kills Gladys with a pistol at point blank range. What crimes if any has Mildred committed? Explain __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Hypo #3: One day, George decides that he would like to see what would happ en if he were to drop several pounds of high explosives from a freeway overpass into busy fast-moving traffic. George purchases several pounds of high explosives over the internet and then goes to a nearby overpass overlooking I-5. He drops the explosives in front of a large semi-truck and mutters to himself, I sure hope nobody gets hurt. When the explosives hit the pavement below they instantly detonate and blow-up the semi-truck killing its two occupants. In addition, five more motorists are killed in the ensuing pile-up.What crimes if any has George committed? Explain __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Hypo #4: Jim is driving down the freeway when he spills his bag of Skittles onto the front passenger floor. Not wanting to lose a single sugary morsel, Jim leans down to retrieve the handful of lost Skittles. In so doing, Jim takes his eyes completely off the road for 8 seconds.While reaching for the last Skittle, Jim inadvertently jerks the steering wheel which veers his car into the next lane. Jim’s car strikes another car forcing it into the ditch. Upon entering the ditch, the other car flips into the air and lands on its roof. All three occupants are crushed to death. What crimes if any has Jim committed? Explain. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Hypo #5: Melvin is 21 years old. He has been held back several grades and reads at approximately a 6th grade level. Laura is 15 ? years old. She is a very bright student and takes nearly all AP classes. Laura and Melvin live in the same neighborhood. Laura has always felt sorry for Melvin and was friendly to him even when the neighborhood kids teased and taunted him. As their friendship grew, their relationship, at Laura’s suggestion, became sexual. Melvin never asked Laura how old she was nor did Laura ever tell Melvin her age.When Laura’s father discovered the relationship, he turned Melvin into the police. What crimes if any has Melvin committed? Does he have any defenses? Explain __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Handout #2: Elements of a Crime 1. Actus Reus. Actus reus is often characterized as the physical part of a crime. In most cases, it describes what the offender must do.A murder statue will require the offender to kill, an arson law will punish people who set fire to a structure, and theft may require someone to take something a. Voluntary Act: The defendant’s act must be voluntary. b. Circumstances: Many Crimes occur only in a specifically described situation. For example, bribery of a juror requires that the person bribed have been a juror (not another official). c. Harm or result: Many criminal laws require a specific harm to have occurred before the statute applies. In murder, there must be a person killed, and in arson, there must be a burned structure. d.Causation: Often a statute requiring harm (such as death or an explosion) also requires that the defendant cause that harm. Causation links the defendant’s conduct to the result. i. But for, Cause in Fact, or Actual causation is the simplest form of causation. It simply provides that a particular result (such as death) would not have occurred without the defendant’s action. ii. Proximate causation is narrower than but for causation. Proximate causation is limited to the foreseeable consequences of the defendant’s actions. 2. Mens Rea. Mens Rea is often characte rized as the mental requirement in a criminal law.Modern statutes often use four categories of mens rea: intentionally (or purposefully or willfully), knowingly, recklessly, and with criminal negligence. Handout #3: Statutes First Degree Murder: RCW 9A. 32. 030 (1)A person is guilty of murder in the first degree when: (a)With a premeditated intent to cause the death of another person, he or she causes the death of such person or of a third person; or (b)Under circumstances manifesting an extreme indifference to human life, he or she engages in conduct which creates a grave risk of death to any person, and thereby causes the death of a person; or c) [Felony Murder- not covered in this exercise] Second Degree Murder: RCW 9A. 32. 050 (1)A person is guilty of murder in the second degree when: (a) With intent to cause the death of another person but without premeditation, he or she causes the death of such person or of a third person; or (b) [Felony Murder- not covered in this exercise] First Degree Manslaughter: RCW 9A. 32. 060 (1)A person is guilty of manslaughter in the first degree when: (a) He recklessly causes the death of another person; or (b) He intentionally and unlawfully kills an unborn quick child by inflicting any injury upon the mother of such child.Second Degree Manslaughter: (1)A person is guilty of manslaughter in the second degree when, with criminal negligence, he causes the death of another person. Rape of a Child in the third Degree (Statutory Rape): RCW 9A. 44. 079 (1)A person is guilty of rape of a child in the third degree when the person has sexual intercourse with another who is at least fourteen years old but less than sixteen years old and not married to the perpetrator and the perpetrator is at least forty-eight months older than the victim. Defenses: RCW 9A. 44. 030 2) In any prosecution under this chapter in which the offense or degree of the offense depends on the victims age, it is no defense that the perpetrator did not know the v ictims age, or that the perpetrator believed the victim to be older, as the case may be: PROVIDED, That it is a defense which the defendant must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that at the time of the offense the defendant reasonably believed the alleged victim to be the age identified in subsection (3) of this section based upon declarations as to age by the alleged victim [i. . over the age of 16 or less than 48 months apart in age] ? FOR THE TEACHER: Answer Key to Hypothetical Questions Introductory Hypo: The point of the introductory hypo is to realize that there are two types of causation. Simple causation or cause in fact might describe how a physicist would define causation. Under this type of causation, event A is a cause of the later event B, if B would not have occurred but for the occurrence of event A.Therefore, in the example, the event of Frank moving the mirror is a cause in fact of Bill’s death in this sense because if Frank hadn’t moved the mi rror in the way he did, the sequence of events that led to Bill’s slip would not have occurred and Bill would not have died. However, in a legal context, cause in fact is a necessary but not sufficient element. To be legally liable for a particular action, one’s conduct must be the proximate cause of the liability generating event. Proximate cause is a subsection of cause in fact and is limited to events that are foreseeable.Therefore, Frank would not be criminally liable for the death of Bill under existing criminal law frameworks because Bill’s death was not foreseeable. Hypo #1: The issue here is whether Sarah is liable for some level of homicide offense. Since Roger held Sarah at gunpoint and Sarah knew that Roger was a violent person one could argue that Sarah did not shoot Steven voluntarily even though she had the clear intent of shooting Steven because she took careful aim, adjusted for the wind, and placed a precise shot. Duress is a defense to most cri mes.However, duress is not a defense to homicide, so Sarah is potentially liable for either murder or manslaughter (duress can reduce a crime that would otherwise constitute murder to manslaughter under certain circumstances). You might ask students: How do you think a prosecutor would or should handle this case? Should he or she use his or her discretion to not file charges against Sarah? Hypo #2: There are two homicides in this case: Gladys and Robert. Mildred’s killing of Robert would be murder in the second degree because in a fit of sudden rage (no premeditation) she intended to kill her husband by stabbing im in the neck. Robert’s death is the classic passion killing. However, Mildred’s killing of Gladys would be murder in the first degree because after dragging her body to the garage, she took time and deliberated about what she was going to do and then killed Gladys. Gladys’s murder was premeditated. Hypo #3: Is George guilty of murder? George di d not have a clear intent to harm anyone when he dropped the bomb onto the interstate. However, under subsection (b) of Washington’s first degree murder statute, George manifested an extreme indifference to human life that created a grave risk of death to any person. Therefore, even though George didn’t intend to kill anyone, he could be found guilty of murder in the first degree. Hypo #4: One could argue that Jim should be guilty of murder in the first degree under the extreme indifference prong, but Jim’s conduct is not nearly as abhorrent as George dropping a bomb onto the interstate. Motorists do dangerous things in the car all the time that are distracting and cause accidents. Therefore, reaching over to pick up some Skittles is probably not extreme indifference. Jim is most likely guilty of first or second degree manslaughter.The difference between the two is that manslaughter one requires recklessness whereas manslaughter two requires only criminal negli gence. Negligence is the lower standard and asks only whether Jim should have known better than to reach for the skittles, whereas recklessness is a subjective standard which would require that Jim knew what he was doing was dangerous. From the facts of the case, it appears that Jim did not recognize the danger in what he was doing and would most likely only face a charge of manslaughter in the second degree.Note: Vehicular homicide might also be charged in this case. Hypo #5: Despite the sympathetic circumstances, Melvin is liable for statutory rape. Laura is younger than 16 (the age of consent in WA) and Melvin is more than 4 years older than her. The limited defense of misrepresentation of age by the minor does not apply because Laura never represented her age in the first place. There is no mens rea element to statutory rape. Rather, it is a strict liability offense in the same way

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